Hepatocellular carcinoma: A real-life experience in a specialized center in Bogotá, Colombia / Hepatocarcinoma: experiencia de la vida real en un centro especializado de Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent malignant primary liver tumor globally. In 2018, it ranked sixth and represented the fourth cause of death from cancer; the five-year overall survival is 18 %. Most cases of HCC develop in patients with cirrhosis of any etiology, especially because of hepatitis B and C viruses, alcohol, and recently nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Aim: To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatments, prognostic variables, and survival. Materials and methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on a cohort of patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and treated between January 2011 and December 2020 at a health care center in Bogotá. The diagnosis of HCC was confirmed radiologically or by biopsy. We analyzed the information descriptively with absolute frequency measures in the case of categorical variables. For continuous variables, the information was summarized with measures of central tendency (mean or median) and their relevant measures of dispersion. Results: We included 152 patients diagnosed with HCC, with a mean age of 69.4 years; 51.3 % were men. The leading cause of HCC was nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which accounted for almost a third of cases (32 %); other causes were alcohol (15 %) and hepatitis C virus (14 %). The median manifestation of the tumor was two nodules with a size close to 4 cm. Besides, 35 % of patients had a BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) stage with curative options, and 25 % received curative treatment options. The first-line systemic therapy used in this cohort was sorafenib®, used in 35 patients (33.7 %). Survival curves showed that women, Child-Pugh class A, and BCLC stage 0 had higher median survival. Multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of death for males (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.16; confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-3.76), Child-Pugh class B (HR: 2.14; CI 1.16-3.95), and Child-Pugh class C (HR: 7.52; CI 2.88-19.57). Conclusions: NAFLD is the leading cause of HCC in this cohort. A third of patients are diagnosed in early BCLC stages with a curative treatment option, and 25 % are treated with curative therapies. Sorafenib was the first-line therapy in advanced HCC. Overall survival after diagnosis of HCC remains low, being necessary to join forces in the follow-up of patients with cirrhosis to improve these outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: el hepatocarcinoma (HCC) es el tumor hepático primario maligno más frecuente en el mundo: en 2018 ocupó la sexta posición y representó la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer; la supervivencia global a 5 años es del 18 %. La mayoría de los casos de HCC se desarrolla en pacientes con cirrosis de cualquier etiología, especialmente por virus de la hepatitis B y C, alcohol y, recientemente, por la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH). Objetivo: analizar las características clínicas, métodos de diagnóstico, tratamientos, variables pronósticas y supervivencia. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis atendidos entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2020 en un centro de atención médica de Bogotá, con diagnóstico de HCC confirmado radiológicamente o por biopsia. La información se analizó de forma descriptiva con medidas de frecuencia absoluta en el caso de las variables categóricas; para las variables continuas se resumió la información con medidas de tendencia central (media o medianas) y su respectiva medida de dispersión. Resultados: se incluyeron 152 pacientes diagnosticados con HCC, con edad promedio de 69,4 años, 51,3 % eran hombres. La principal causa de HCC fue el hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD), que representó casi una tercera parte de los casos (32 %); otras causas fueron el alcohol (15 %) y el virus de la hepatitis C (14 %). La mediana de presentación del tumor fue de 2 nódulos con un tamaño cercano a 4 cm. El 35 % de los pacientes tenía un estadio BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) con opciones curativas y el 25 % de los pacientes recibió opciones curativas de tratamiento. La terapia sistémica de primera línea utilizada en esta cohorte fue el sorafenib®, que se utilizó en 35 pacientes (33,7 %). Las curvas de supervivencia mostraron que las mujeres, el estadio Child-Pugh A y el estadio BCLC 0 presentaron mayores medianas de supervivencia. El análisis multivariado evidenció un mayor riesgo de muerte al ser hombre (Hazard ratio [HR]: 2,16; intervalo de confianza [IC]: 1,24 a 3,76), estar en los estadios Child-Pugh B (HR: 2,14; IC: 1,16 a 3,95) y Child-Pugh C (HR: 7,52; IC: 2,88 a 19,57). Conclusiones: el NAFLD es la principal causa de HCC en la presente cohorte, una tercera parte de los pacientes se diagnostica en estadios BCLC tempranos con opción curativa de tratamiento, y un 25 % se trata con terapias curativas. El sorafenib fue la terapia de primera línea en HCC avanzado. La supervivencia global luego del diagnóstico de HCC sigue siendo baja, y es necesario aunar esfuerzos en el seguimiento de los pacientes con cirrosis para mejorar estos resultados.

Análise comparativa das características demográficas, sintomatologia e comorbidades de adultos e idosos notificados e confirmados com covid-19 nas capitais brasileiras / Análisis comparativo de las características demográficas, la sintomatología y las comorbilidades de los adultos y ancianos notificados y confirmados con covid-19 en las capitales brasileñas / Comparative analysis of demographic characteristics, symptoms and comorbidities of adults and elderly people notified and confirmed with covid-19 in brazilian capitals

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o perfil demográfico, a sintomatologia e as comorbidades de adultos e idosos notificados com COVID-19 nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal - DF. Métodos: estudo ecológico desenvolvido a partir dos dados da plataforma online e-SUS Notifica, preenchidos até dia 4 de janeiro de 2021, com amostra constituída por 1.416.252 indivíduos, utilizando como critérios de inclusão: ter idade > 20 anos; residir nas capitais brasileiras ou no Distrito Federal - DF; e apresentar resultado do teste positivo para COVID-19. A análise descritiva contou com a exposição das frequências absoluta e relativa e medidas de tendência central. Para a análise inferencial, aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando diferença significativa para valores de p<0,05. Resultados: predominou sexo masculino (52%), com média de idade de 43,29 ± 14,85 anos. Os indivíduos apresentaram tosse (45,4%), febre (38,8%) e outros sintomas (83,1%). As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram: doenças cardíacas (7,1%) e diabetes (4,5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre as regiões brasileiras, ao comparar sexo, idade, ser profissional da saúde, sintomas e comorbidades. Conclusão: os dados contribuíram para o conhecimento acerca do processo epidêmico de COVID-19 no Brasil no primeiro ano de pandemia e demonstraram a distribuição dos casos e as relações existentes entre perfil demográfico, sintomatologia e doenças preexistentes com os agrupados das capitais brasileiras.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el perfil demográfico, la sintomatología y las comorbilidades de los adultos y ancianos notificados con COVID-19 en las capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal - DF. Métodos: estudio ecológico, desarrollado a partir de los datos de la plataforma online e-SUS Notifica, completados hasta el 4 de enero de 2021, con una muestra compuesta por 1.416.252 individuos, utilizando como criterios de inclusión: edad > 20 años; residir en capitales brasileñas o en el Distrito Federal - DF; y presentar un resultado positivo en la prueba de COVID-19. El análisis descriptivo incluyó la presentación de frecuencias absolutas y relativas y medidas de tendencia central. Para el análisis inferencial, se aplicó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerando la diferencia significativa para valores p <0,05. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (52%), con una edad media de 43,29 ± 14,85 años. Los individuos presentaron tos (45,4%), fiebre (38,8%) y otros síntomas (83,1%). Las comorbilidades más prevalentes fueron las cardiopatías (7,1%) y la diabetes (4,5%). Hubo una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) entre las regiones brasileñas al comparar el género, la edad, ser profesional de la salud, los síntomas y las comorbilidades. Conclusión: los datos contribuyeron al conocimiento del proceso epidémico del COVID-19 en Brasil, en el primer año de pandemia, y demostraron la distribución de los casos y las relaciones existentes entre el perfil demográfico, la sintomatología y las enfermedades preexistentes con los agrupados de las capitales brasileñas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the demographic profile, symptoms and comorbidities of adults and elderly people notified with COVID-19 in Brazilian capitals and the Distrito Federal - DF. Methods: ecological study developed from data from the online platform e-SUS Notifica, completed until January 4, 2021, with a sample consisting of 1,416,252 individuals, using as inclusion criteria: being > 20 years old; reside in Brazilian capitals or the Distrito Federal - DF; and present a positive test result for COVID-19. The descriptive analysis included the exposure of absolute and relative frequencies and measures of central tendency. For the inferential analysis, Pearson's chi-square test was applied, considering a significant difference for values of p<0.05. Results: males predominated (52%), with a mean age of 43.29 ± 14.85 years. Subjects had cough (45.4%), fever (38.8%) and other symptoms (83.1%). The most prevalent comorbidities were: heart disease (7.1%) and diabetes (4.5%). There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between Brazilian regions, when comparing sex, age, being a health professional, symptoms and comorbidities. Conclusion: the data contributed to the knowledge about the epidemic process of COVID-19 in Brazil in the first year of the pandemic and demonstrated the distribution of cases and the relationships between demographic profile, symptoms and pre-existing diseases with the groups of Brazilian capitals.

Experiencia con el uso de toxina botulínica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica: Una serie de casos / Experience with Botulinum Toxin in Children with Neurogenic Overactive Bladder: A Case Series

Objetivo Describir la experiencia con la administración de inyección de toxina botulínica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica refractaria a manejo de primera línea. Materiales y Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo (serie de casos) que incluyó a 14 niños con diagnóstico de vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica refractarios a tratamiento de primera línea sometidos a administración intravesical de toxina botulínica entre 2015 y 2021; se realizó el seguimiento teniendo en cuenta las variables clínicas, con evaluación de la respuesta y de los eventos adversos. Se reportaron frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas; para las variables cuantitativas, se reportaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados Se incluyeron 6 niños y 8 niñas, con una media de edad 10,1 (desviación estándar [DE]: ± 4,4) años. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados previamente con anticolinérgico y cateterismos limpios intermitentes, con una media de uso de 2,8 (DE: ± 1.0) pañales al día; 11 (78,5%) pacientes tenían antecedente de infección urinaria, 13 (92,8%), estreñimiento, y 2 (15,3%), incontinencia fecal. En la ecografía, 7 (50,0%) pacientes presentaban engrosamiento de las paredes vesicales, y 6 (42,8%), hidronefrosis. Tras el procedimiento, 1 paciente presentó infección urinaria como complicación, 6 presentaron una respuesta completa, 7, respuesta parcial, y 1 paciente no obtuvo respuesta con la primera inyección, con un tiempo promedio efectivo de la terapia 8 (DE: ± 6,3) meses. Una segunda inyección fue necesaria en 6 (42.8%) pacientes, y, de estos, 3 (50%) requirieron una tercera inyección. Conclusión La inyección de toxina botulinica intravesical como terapia de segunda línea de manejo para vejiga hiperactiva neurogénica tiene buenos resultados, con bajas tasas de complicaciones.

Objective To describe the experience with the administration of botulinum toxin injection in children with neurogenic overactive bladder who were refractory to the first-line management. Materials and Methods A descriptive observational study (case series) which included 14 children with a diagnosis of neurogenic overactive bladder who were refractory to the first-line treatment and were aubmitted to the intravesical administration of botulinum toxin between 2015 and 2021. Follow-up was performed taking into account the clinical variables, wth an evaluation of the response and the adverse events. Absolute frequencies and percentages were reported for the qualitative variables; for the quantitative variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion were reported. Results We included 6 boys and 8 girls with a mean age of 10.1 (standard deviation [SD]: ± 4.4) years. All patients were previously treated with anticholinergics and clean intermittent catheterizations, with a mean use of 2.8 (SD: ± 1.0) diapers per day; 11 (78.5%) had a history of urinary tract infection, 13 (92.8%), constipation, and 2 (15.3%), fecal incontinence. On ultrasound, 7 (50.0%) patients presented bladder wall thickening, and 6 (42.8%), hydronephrosis. After the procedure, 1 patient presented urinary tract infection as a complication, 6 presented complete response, 7, partial response, and 1 patient did not obtain a response with the first injection, with an effective mean time of therapy of 8 (SD: ± 6.3) months. A second injection was required by 6 (42.8%) patients, and of these, 3 (50%) required a third injection. Conclusion Intravesical botulinum toxin injection as a second-line management therapy for neurogenic overactive bladder yileds good results, with low rates of complications.

Rede de cuidados à pessoa com deficiência em Minas Gerais: análise da qualidade do cuidado sob a perspectiva de usuários e acompanhantes / Care network for people with disabilities in Minas Gerais: analysis of the quality of care from the perspective of users and companions

Introdução: promover o desenvolvimento das potencialidades e funcionalidade humana é ação fundamental para oferecer cuidado adequado e garantir acesso aos direitos das pessoas com deficiência. Assim, é de extrema importância avaliar a Qualidade do Cuidado na área da saúde, sob a perspectiva da própria população atendida, para que as relações entre usuários e os serviços de saúde sejam melhor compreendidas. Objetivo: investigar a Qualidade do Cuidado autorrreferida pelos usuários da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência em Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. Participaram do estudo 871 usuários de 36 serviços do componente especializado da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência distribuídos nas 13 regiões ampliadas de saúde. Foram utilizados três instrumentos: Roteiro de Entrevistas com Usuários e Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil para caracterização sociodemográfica, clínica e assistencial, além do Quality of Care Scale para avaliação da Qualidade do Cuidado. Realizou-se análise descritiva da distribuição de frequência das variáveis categóricas e análise das medidas de tendência central e de dispersão das variáveis contínuas. Para análise psicométrica do instrumento Quality of Care Scale foram utilizadas a Teoria de Resposta ao Item e Análise Fatorial, além de medidas de validade convergente e confiabilidade. Para verificar diferenças estatísticas entre as medianas das variáveis explicativas (sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, renda domiciliar e tipo de deficiência) e resposta (eixos da Qualidade do Cuidado), foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis, Nemenyi e Mann-Whitney considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a maioria dos usuários participantes foi do sexo masculino, solteiro, que não trabalhava e possuía renda de um salário mínimo. A maior proporção tinha Ensino Fundamental incompleto, era de cor autodeclarada parda ou preta, com renda domiciliar maior que um e até dois salários mínimos. A idade média dos usuários foi de 28,6 anos, dos quais 50,0% tinham até 14 anos. A maioria declarou deficiência intelectual. Na análise psicométrica, todos os itens foram relevantes e com discriminação aceitável para formação dos constructos, exceto um item de Informações Recebidas, que foi retirado do modelo final por ter apresentado carga fatorial muito baixa. Foram identificadas diferenças estatísticas sobre a Qualidade do Cuidado em relação ao Escore Geral, faixa etária e tipo de deficiência; Profissionais e Atendimento, faixa etária e escolaridade; Acesso, faixa etária e tipo de deficiência; Necessidades Sociais, faixa etária, escolaridade e tipo de deficiência; Informações Recebidas, escolaridade e renda domiciliar. Conclusão: Foi possível conhecer o perfil dos usuários da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência de Minas Gerais, além do panorama da Qualidade do Cuidado autoreferida em relação à qualidade da equipe, acesso, necessidades sociais e informações recebidas. A análise psicométrica do instrumento Quality of Care Scale revelou que o modelo final apresentado neste trabalho pode ser ampliado para medir a Qualidade do Cuidado ofertada a pessoas com todos os tipos de deficiência. O eixo Acesso apresentou os menores escores de Qualidade do Cuidado e, apesar das avaliações positivas, foi possível então identificar que aspectos podem ser aprimorados. Melhorar o tempo de espera para receber atendimento e a oferta de serviços no local onde o usuário reside, facilitar o acesso às consultas e medicamentos, contribuir de forma intersetorial em atividades de lazer e sociais são ações que podem contribuir para aumentar a Qualidade do Cuidado.

Introduction: promoting the development of human potentialities and functionality is a fundamental action to provide adequate care and guarantee access to the rights of persons with disabilities. Thus, it is extremely important to evaluate the Quality of Care in the health area, from the perspective of the population served, so that the relationships between users and health services are better understood. Purpose: to investigate the Quality of Care self-referred by the users of the Care Network to the Person with Disabilities in Minas Gerais. Methods: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The study included 871 users of 36 services of the specialized component of the Care Network to the Person with Disabilities distributed in the 13 expanded health regions. Three instruments were used: a User Interview Roadmap and Brazil's Economic Classification Criteria for socio-demographic, clinical and care characterization, as well as the Quality of Care Scale. A descriptive analysis of the frequency distribution of the categorical variables and analysis of the measures of central tendency and dispersion of the continuous variables were carried out. For the psychometric analysis of the instrument Quality of Care Scale were used the Item Response Theory and Factor Analysis, as well as measures of convergent validity and reliability. The Kruskal-Wallis, Nemenyi and Mann-Whitney tests were used to verify the statistical differences between the medians of the explanatory variables (gender, age, schooling, household income and type of disability) and response of significance of 5%. Results: the majority of the participants were male, single, who did not work and had income of a minimum wage. The largest proportion had incomplete Elementary School, was brown or black, with a household income greater than one and up to two minimum wages. The average age of the users was 28.6 years, of which 50.0% were up to 14 years. Most declared intellectual disability. In the psychometric analysis, all items were relevant and with acceptable discrimination for the formation of the constructs, except for a Received Information item, which was removed from the final model because it presented a very low factorial load. Statistical differences regarding the Quality of Care were identified in relation to the General Score, age group and type of disability; Professionals and Attendance, age group and schooling; Access, age range and type of disability; Social needs, age range, schooling and type of disability; Information Received, schooling and household income. Conclusion: It was possible to know the profile of the users of the Care Network for the Person with Disabilities of Minas Gerais, as well as the Quality of Care panorama referred to by them in relation to the quality of the team, access, social needs and information received. The psychometric analysis of the Quality of Care Scale instrument revealed that the final model presented in this study can be expanded to measure the Quality of Care offered to people with all types of disabilities. The Access axis presented the lowest Quality of Care scores and, despite positive evaluations, it was then possible to identify which aspects could be improved. Improving the waiting time to receive care and the offer of services in the place where the user resides, to facilitate access to consultations and medicines, to contribute intersectorally in leisure and social activities are actions that can contribute to increase the Quality of Care.

Factores pronósticos médicos y sociales asociados a urolitiasis en pacientes sometidos a nefroureterolitotomía láser / Medical and social prognostic factors associated with urolithiasis in patients undergoing flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy

Objetivos La fibróptica láser se ha convertido con el paso de los años en el procedimiento de elección en la mayoría de los casos de urolitiasis; sin embargo, se han descrito pocas escalas de predicción de riesgo y las que hay no incluyen el tiempo en el que se hace este procedimiento. Nuestro objetivo es hacer una descripción sobre los factores que influencian los desenlaces relacionados con las complicaciones de esta cirugía. Materiales y métodos Se incluyó a 149 pacientes con patología litiásica a quienes se les realizó nefroureterolitotomía retrógrada con fragmentación láser entre los años 2012 y 2015. Se analizaron variables asociadas a las características del cálculo, la anatomía, el tiempo entre diagnóstico y la intervención y las complicaciones pre, intra y postoperatorias. Se diseñó una herramienta de recolección sobre la base de las historias clínicas y se analizó con medidas de tendencia central y de asociación. Resultados Se encontró una correlación positiva entre las complicaciones preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y especialmente en las postoperatorias con el número de días orden-cirugía, con una pendiente con tendencia positiva a medida que se intervienen los pacientes más tardíamente. En las variables relacionadas con el índice STONE, la única variable que presentó asociación positiva con el tiempo entre la orden y la cirugía fue la presencia de hidronefrosis. Conclusión La realización tardía de la ureterolitotomía láser puede tener un impacto en la morbilidad de los pacientes con patología litiásica, en especial en las complicaciones postoperatorias. Esto plantea una necesidad de priorización de los pacientes según su probabilidad de presentar complicaciones.

Objectives The fibre-optics laser has become the surgical procedure of choice in most cases of urolithiasis over the years. However, there are few risk prediction scales described and in those that are published, they do not include the time delay in carrying out this procedure. The aim of this study is to present a description of the elements that influence the outcomes related to the complications of this surgery. Materials and methods The study included 149 patients between 4 and 74 years who underwent flexible retrograde ureteroscopy with laser fragmentation technology between 2012-2015. The analysis was based on the outcomes related to the calculus features, anatomy, time between diagnosis and intervention, and surgery complications. The statistical analysis was performed using central tendency and measures of association. Results A positive association was identified between preoperative, intraoperative, and in particular, in postoperative complications with the number of days between diagnosis and intervention, and with a positive trend that was related to the delay in the surgical intervention. As regards the STONE score, the only variable that had a positive association with the time between the request and performing the procedure, was the presence of hydronephrosis. Conclusion The delay in the intervention time for this surgery in patients with urolithiasis could have an important impact on morbidity, especially for postoperative complications. These results suggest the need of prioritisation of patients, taking into account the prediction of complications.